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Why did the United States invade Iraq Term Paper

For what reason did the United States attack Iraq - Term Paper Example Hence if a state capacities inside its own domains such that causes gigantic infringement of these fundamental standards like assembling weapons of mass devastations or doing exercises like slaughter, at that point it is in reality a potential danger to the world network. The adage â€Å"injustice anyplace is a danger to equity everywhere† is pertinent here. The world has become a little worldwide town wherein we are interconnected to the point that the demonstration of one will influence another straightforwardly or by implication. Activities of every single state are currently a matter of concern and ought to be firmly investigated to forestall a period of disharmony prompting a circumstance like that of universal wars. In the decades following the repulsions of World War II and the massacre of European Jews, the world network was stunned and UN prodded by these awful wrongdoings exhibited the restored political will of uniting the countries to battle any such danger to worl d harmony and government assistance in future. It has now become a general guideline acknowledged both inâ lawâ and practice that dominion and remote intrusion were contradictory to one side of self-assurance, which was comprehended to be the premise of the post-World War II worldwideâ order. In the light of previously mentioned standards of worldwide law and its secured standards, an endeavor has been made here to consider the explanation and lawfulness of US’s assault on Iraq on different ground. ... We are still in a theory mode in regards to why precisely USA attacked Iraq; regardless of whether the rationale was to really incapacitate them of any weapons of mass demolition or was it since Bush organization peered toward the oil wells of Iraq. In the time where the global qualities are â€Å"peace, security and the prosperity of the world†, it isn't at all worthy that a nation take up arms against another nation for egotistical ulterior intentions, under the clothing of ensuring the honorable standards of worldwide law. Hence there is no denying the way that there is a most extreme criticalness to test into the reasons of such intrusions. The USA’s intrusion was reprimanded as unlawful war authorized by abusing the global standards. In the event that this is valid, at that point we are confronting a fast approaching danger presented by the created nations to creating nations and this war will go about as a terrible worldwide point of reference for the equivalent. Consequently the genuine explanation for the attack of Iraq is a million dollar question. Chronicled PERSPECTIVE USA and its partners assaulted Iraq under the affection that Saddam Hussein was in control of weapons of mass obliteration and all things considered, he would go along those arms to al Qaeda. Anyway the legitimacy of such a ground was later seen as profoundly weakened. Specialists from there on proposed that we can't all together principle out the likelihood that this war was the result of mysterious brain research of shrubbery, especially regarding his relationship with his dad alongside the overwhelming allurement of getting a solid hold over the prized Mesopotamian oil fields. Potentially he looked to finish the activity that his dad had started in 1991 or might be to retaliate for Hussein who was asserted to have made endeavors to

Catching Up with Author Sigal Samuel

Catching Up with Author Sigal Samuel Sigal Samuel is an award-winning fiction writer,  journalist, essayist, and playwright. Currently opinion editor at the  Forward, she has also published work in the  Daily Beast, the  Rumpus,  BuzzFeed, and Electric Literature. She has appeared on NPR, BBC, and Huffington Post Live.  Her six plays have been produced in theaters from Vancouver to New York. Sigal earned her MFA in Creative Writing from the University of British Columbia.  Originally from Montreal, she now lives and writes in Brooklyn. The Mystics of Mile End is her first novel. Rachel Cordasco: Favorite writers? Favorite books? Sigal Samuel: My favorite dead writer is Fyodor Dostoyevsky, who wrote Brothers Karamazov. My favorite living writer is Nicole Krauss, who wrote The History of Love. Which sometimes leads me to wonder: What sort of person would you get if you combined the two? And what sort of book would that person write? I dont know, but it would probably be depressing as hell, in the most beautiful way possible. RC: How has growing up in Canada and living in the U.S. informed your writing/general worldview? SS: I grew up in Canada reading a lot of American books, and they always made it seem like the entire universe consisted of a few blocks in Brooklyns Park Slope plus a few blocks in Manhattans Upper West Side. When I wrote the first draft of my novel, I unselfconsciously set it in Montreal. By the time I sat down to write the second draft, I had moved to Brooklyn and was wondering whether I should move the whole story down here, too. Would that make my novel more marketable? Easier for American readers to relate to? Ultimately I decided that the world has enough Brooklyn books, and that I would trust readers to take an interest in something beyond their immediate surroundings. They havent let me down. RC: Im loving your debut novel, The Mystics of Mile End. What was the genesis of the book and how did that change as you wrote? SS: My dad was a professor of Jewish mysticism and he taught me Kabbalah starting at a very young age. So I always knew I wanted to make use of those texts and ideas in a novel. (Or, to put it more accurately, I couldnt not use them â€" telling me not to write about mystics wouldve been like telling me not to breathe oxygen.) I wanted to take these medieval religious ideas and bring them into a contemporary, secular, urban setting, so that I could explore the question: What would happen if someone like you or me tried to climb the Kabbalahs Tree of Life as a way to reach God, right now, in 2015? I turned to J.D. Salingers Franny and Zooey often while writing, because I think hes asking a similar question in that book, which is one of my favorites. But whereas Salinger uses two voices to tell his story, I found I needed a few more. I wanted to show a dysfunctional Jewish family falling under the sway of a dangerous mystical obsession, with each person getting the chance to tell their side of the story. Here are the four perspectives I ended up with: an endearingly nerdy little boy, an atheist middle-aged professor, a female college student whos losing her mind, and the Montreal neighborhood they all live in â€" Mile End â€"  which is home to hipsters and Hasidic Jews. RC: How does working as an editor and writer at the Forward influence your fiction-writing and vice versa (or at all)? SS: Working as a newspaper editor has cured me of the tendency to get too attached to my own passages, even (or especially) when theyre long meandering paragraphs full of very pretty sentences that dont advance the plot. I used to find it impossible to cut those paragraphs. Now Im so practiced at hacking away at other writers work that I know better than to protest but I couldnt possibly shorten that, this part simply cant be cut! An editor needs me to chop 10,000 words out of my book? I say, sure, no problem. Caveat: In every book there will be at least one passage that you will fight to the death to keep. Thats good. Mine is on page 130. RC: What advice would you give to aspiring authors? SS: If you dont see characters like yourself or your relatives represented in books, dont assume that means you cant write about such people. Assume the opposite! Why not write  exactly  those kinds of people? Instead of aiming for some mythic neutral universal (to borrow a phrase from Zadie Smith), trust that you will get at the universal through the particular. RC: Whats your favorite Yiddish-ism? SS: My favorite Yiddish-ism is Verter zol men vegn un nit tseyln, which means: Words should be weighted, not counted. The characters in my novel are all terrible communicators, and theyre constantly hoarding language, counting out each precious phrase they expend, as if they believe were each born with a finite stash of words inside us and as soon as we use them all up well die. Actually, one of my characters believes that literally. I always want to tell him: Yes, by all means, weigh your words, consider them carefully, but dont be so goddamn miserly! Since my own Jewish family doesnt actually come from Yiddish-speaking Eastern Europe â€"  instead, were from India, Iraq and Morocco â€"  I cant leave without also giving you one of my favorite Arabic-isms. Bukra fil mishmish is an expression that literally translates to tomorrow morning, you can have apricots. Thing is, you can never really enjoy apricots the day after you pick them, because they turn to mush too fast. So when you say this phrase to someone, youre sarcastically telling them: It aint gonna happen. Or, as a Brooklynite might say: Fuhgeddaboutit. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Equilibrium Constant of Electrochemical Cell Reaction

The equilibrium constant of an electrochemical cells redox reaction can be calculated using the Nernst equation and the relationship between standard cell potential and free energy. This example problem shows how to find the equilibrium constant of a cells redox reaction. Problem The following two half-reactions are used to form an electrochemical cell:Oxidation:SO2(g) 2 H20(â„“) → SO4-(aq) 4 H(aq) 2 e-  Ã‚  E °ox -0.20 VReduction:Cr2O72-(aq) 14 H(aq) 6 e- → 2 Cr3(aq) 7 H2O(â„“)  Ã‚  E °red 1.33 VWhat is the equilibrium constant of the combined cell reaction at 25 C? Solution Step 1: Combine and balance the two half-reactions. The oxidation half-reaction produces 2 electrons and the reduction half-reaction needs 6 electrons. To balance the charge, the oxidation reaction must be multiplied by a factor of 3.3 SO2(g) 6 H20(â„“) → 3 SO4-(aq) 12 H(aq) 6 e- Cr2O72-(aq) 14 H(aq) 6 e- → 2 Cr3(aq) 7 H2O(â„“)3 SO2(g) Cr2O72-(aq) 2 H(aq) → 3 SO4-(aq) 2 Cr3(aq) H2O(â„“)By balancing the equation, we now know the total number of electrons exchanged in the reaction. This reaction exchanged six electrons. Step 2: Calculate the cell potential.This electrochemical cell EMF example problem shows how to calculate cell potential of a cell from standard reduction potentials.**E °cell E °ox E °redE °cell -0.20 V 1.33 VE °cell 1.13 VStep 3: Find the equilibrium constant, K.When a reaction is at equilibrium, the change in free energy is equal to zero. The change in free energy of an electrochemical cell is related to the cell potential of the equation:ΔG -nFEcellwhereΔG is the free energy of the reactionn is the number of moles of electrons exchanged in the reactionF is Faradays constant (96484.56 C/mol)E is the cell potential. The cell potential and free energy example shows how to calculate free energy of a redox reaction.If ΔG 0:, solve for Ecell0 -nFEcellEcell 0 VThis means, at equilibrium, the potential of the cell is zero. The reaction progresses forward and backward at the same rate, meaning there is no net electron flow. With no electron flow, there is no current and the potential is equal to zero.Now there is enough information known to use the Nernst equation to find the equilibrium constant.The Nernst equation is:Ecell E °cell - (RT/nF) x log10QwhereEcell is the cell potentialE °cell refers to standard cell potentialR is the gas constant (8.3145 J/mol ·K)T is the absolute temperaturen is the number of moles of electrons transferred by the cells reactionF is Faradays constant (96484.56 C/mol)Q is the reaction quotient**The Nernst equation example problem shows how to use the Nernst equation to calculate cell potential of a non-standard cell.**At equilibrium, the reaction quotient Q i s the equilibrium constant, K. This makes the equation:Ecell E °cell - (RT/nF) x log10KFrom above, we know the following:Ecell 0 VE °cell 1.13 VR 8.3145 J/mol ·KT 25 degC 298.15 KF 96484.56 C/moln 6 (six electrons are transferred in the reaction)Solve for K:0 1.13 V - [(8.3145 J/mol ·K x 298.15 K)/(6 x 96484.56 C/mol)]log10K-1.13 V - (0.004 V)log10Klog10K 282.5K 10282.5K 10282.5 100.5 x 10282K 3.16 x 10282Answer:The equilibrium constant of the cells redox reaction is 3.16 x 10282.

Media Concentration Is More Sensitive Than The Largest...

Nevertheless, these changes in the instrument point in the right direction, improving some of the deficiencies mentioned earlier. The new measurement, for example, assigns more weight to criteria such as pluralism and media concentration. The questionnaire section on â€Å"Pluralism and editorial independence† includes, for the first time, the following questions, all on a scale from 1 to 10.: D.2 - Do media reflect the range of opinions among members of the public? D.3 - Do public media provide coverage of and access by all political currents? D.4 - Is investigative journalism developed enough to uncover matters of significance? D.9 - To what extent do radio and television stations with the largest audiences present independent and critical news? Question D.11 on media concentration is more sensitive than before, since respondents are asked to evaluate it from a scale from 1 to 10. Moreover, another question is included to assess economic concentration in general and possible conflicts of interests: D.12 - What proportion of general-interest media is owned by companies with other interests in non-media sectors of the economy? (5 if 50%; 10 if 100%) The questionnaire introduces several questions on self-censorship: D.7 - Do journalists practice self-censorship for fear of the following consequences? a) Civil lawsuits or criminal prosecution b) Professional reprisals or attacks on reputation c) Threats to physical safety of the journalist or his family and friends, to hisShow MoreRelatedCOM3702 Portfolio10930 Words   |  44 PagesMEDIA STUDIES PORTFOLIO STUDENT NUMBER: 35772085 SURNAME AND INITIAL: Moatshe, P MODULE CODE: COM3702 SUBMITION DATE: 7 October 2014 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own work and personal work, except where the work(s) or publications of others have been acknowledged by means of reference techniques. I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301/2014 regarding technical and presentation requirements, referencing techniquesRead MoreThe Future of Theme Parks in International Tourism4412 Words   |  18 Pagesthe | |following primary characteristics:   | |They have a family appeal;   | |They contain one or more themed environments;   | |They have some form of â€Å"ambient entertainment.† That is, strolling, musicians, performers, costumed | |characters and the like, who performs for â€Å"free†;   Read MoreThe Future of Theme Parks in International Tourism4412 Words   |  18 Pagesbear the | |following primary characteristics:   | |They have a family appeal;   | |They contain one or more themed environments;   | |They have some form of â€Å"ambient entertainment.† That is, strolling, musicians, performers, costumed | |characters and the like, who performs for â€Å"free†;   Read MoreLouis Vuitton Case Study6918 Words   |  28 Pageseconomies reside a â€Å"new breed of young entrepreneurs and noveau riche consumers†, offering large potential within the middle class market for luxury brands (Pan). 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What numbers and these big acquisitions fail to portrayRead MoreRÃÆ' ©sumÃÆ' © Marketing Management, 14th Edition - Kotler Keller26673 Words   |  107 PagesEvents and Experiences, and Public Relations 63 Managing Personal Communications : Direct and interactive Marketing, Word of Mouth, and Personal Selling 68 PART 8 Creating Successful Long-term Growth 72 Introducing New Market Offerings 72 Tapping into Global Offerings 86 Managing a Holistic Marketing Organization for the Long Run 93 PART1: UNDERSTANTING MARKETING AND MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 1: DEFINITNG MARKETING FOR THE 21st CENTURY Read MoreZara Business Case15365 Words   |  62 Pages9-703-497 REV: DECEMBER 21, 2006 PANKAJ GHEMAWAT JOSÉ LUIS NUENO ZARA: Fast Fashion Fashion is the imitation of a given example and satisfies the demand for social adaptation. . . . 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Final Exam †Financial Institution Free Essays

Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes 1. Final Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III What is the difference between the spot market and the futures market In the spot market, trades are executed immediately, i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Exam – Financial Institution or any similar topic only for you Order Now real time. In the futures markets, which is a derivatives market, trades are agreed upon today but settled lat later dates in the future. 2. What is the main difference between the money markets and capital markets? Money markets are for short-term security exchanges, i. e. less than 270 days. The capital markets are for long-term security exchanges, i. e. greater than one year. 3. What are four requirements to transfer capital within an efficient market? a. b. c. d. e. f. Stable Government Low Inflation Savings (personal, corporate, fiscal) Competition Disclosure (transparency) Fair market rules (legal system) 4. Draw the difference between direct and indirect capital formation process. Business Securities Dollars Savers Business 5. Financial Intermed. Savers Describe the purpose of an investment banking house. a. Design Sellable Securities b. Buy securities from corporations c. Resell to ‘savers’ (broker transactions) 6. Name two sources of funds for Financial Intermediaries. . Deposits (lenders, credit unions, pension funds) b. Premiums (life insurance) c. Share issuance (mutual funds) Name four main roles for depository institutions. a. Offer deposit accounts 7. All problems equally weighted Page 1 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes b. c. d. e. 8. Final Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III Repackage (warehouse) deposit acco unts Underwrite risk on loans â€Å"Expertise† in quantifying creditworthiness Provide diversification for placed loans What are the unique characteristics for a credit union separating it from other depository institutions? . b. c. d. Not for profit All business restricted to members All members share a common bond (geography, employer) Small (relatively) depository institution 9. Name two of the securities found in the Money Markets. a. Treasuries b. Commercial Paper 10. Name two of the securities found in the Capital Markets. a. b. c. d. Fixed income securities Mortgages Securitized products Equity 11. Define â€Å"Derivative†. An asset for which the value is derived from an underlying asset. 12. A wife purchases insurance on her husband (the marriage is loving). What type of â€Å"trader† is the wife? A â€Å"hedger† as the wife is not purchasing the instrument to profit from the loss of her husband but to provide financial security should the husband expire. The strategy is loss-minimization and therefore a hedge. 13. Name two large risks when investing abroad. a. Country Risk b. Foreign Exchange Risk c. Interest Rate Risk Note: BC could be considered parallel due to interest rate parity. All problems equally weighted Page 2 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes 14. Final Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III What is considered the leading Federal District Bank? New York Federal Reserve 15. Name three operations performed by Federal District Banks. a. b. c. d. e. Clear Checks Replace old currency Provide loans through discount window) Collect economic data Research 16. How many district banks are there in the Federal Reserve system? 12 17. Name five sources of data used by the FOMC. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. Wages Consumer prices Unemployment GDP Business inventories Foreign Exchange Rates Interest Rates Financial Market Conditions Production Levels Business Investment Residential Construction International Trade International Economic Growth 18. Why does the Federal Reserve perform Open Market Operations? a. Increase/decrease level of funds in market b. Offset impact of other conditions that affect level of funds, e. g. holiday traffic 19. Why is the reserve requirement ratio important? Represents the proportion of deposits that must be held as reserves for a financial institution. It is one of the determinants of the money supply. 20. What are the two rates that the Federal Reserve sets? a. Federal Funds Rate b. Discount Rate All problems equally weighted Page 3 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes 21. Final Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III What are the four components of GDP? GDP = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports 22. What are the goals of the Federal Reserve? a. Control inflation (price stability) at 2. 00% b. Promote Growth 23. What are the goals of the ECB? a. Control inflation (price stability) at 2. 00% 24. What are the relative sizes of each asset class in the U. S.? Fixed Income ($32,000bn) Real Estate ($20,000bn) Equities ($18,000bn) Note: In 2006, Real Estate was the largest asset class but has suffered from over $10,000bn in losses over the current financial crisis and still losing†¦ 25. What is LIBOR? London Interbank Offering Rate: Rate that 16 large global commercial banks lend 10 different currencies at 15 different maturities to each other in the overnight market. 26. The world is safe and growth permeates most economies. Explain what this means for the borrowing rate for the US government using a Supply/Demand curve and cash flow diagram for Treasuries. Price S P0 P1 D Quantity P As price decreasing, yield increases, i. e. it costs more for the U. S. government to borrow. All problems equally weighted Page 4 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes 27. Final Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III Draw the cash flow diagram for a zero coupon bond. 28. What are three methods that a financial institution uses to manage interest rate risk? a. b. c. d. e. Maturity matching Using floating-rate loans Using interest rate futures contracts Using interest rate swaps Using interest rate caps 29. Why do financial institutions sell their own underwritten loans? a. b. c. d. Maintain services (fee based income) Sell asset (earn positive spread) Sell asset (negative spread but significantly reduced risk exposure) Turnover of capital 30. What are the three main banking regulators in the U. S.? a. Comptroller of Currency b. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) c. Federal Reserve 31. What is the current insurance limit by account offered to private investors by the FDIC? $250,000 32. What was important about Glass-Steagall? a. Separated banking and securities activities b. Prevented any firm that accepted deposits from underwriting stocks and bonds of corporation c. Intended to prevent conflicts of interest 33. What important about Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act a. Repealed Glass-Steagall b. Allowed affiliation between banks, securities firms, and insurance companies 34. What was most important about Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)? All problems equally weighted Page 5 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes a. b. c. d. 35. Final Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III Increased transparency of reporting Internal reporting processes required Central database of information required Executives personally verifying (signing) financial statements What was Basel? Basel I Accord 1988: 12 major countries agreed on uniform capital standards Tier 1 and Tier 2 Capital adequacy Basel II: Revision of the measurement of credit risk; explicitly account for operational risk; requires more disclosure about exposure risk Basel III: Global regulatory standards for capital adequacy and risk. Fully phased in by 2019. 36. What are CAMELs Ratings? Rating system for banks: Capital Adequacy Asset Quality Management Earnings Liquidity Sensitivity 37. What is Value-at-Risk? Risk measure that quantifies size of risk to a given confidence level over a finite period of time. 38. What is important about Dodd-Frank? Unlike SOX, it includes large private entities under the veil of regulation, e. g. hedge funds, that pose systemic risk. Also intended to add transparency and force OTC products to trade across exchanges for greater transparency. Potentially disconnected motivations of employees and corporations for reporting fraud, i. . employees (possibly former) share in a portion of an SEC fine recovered. (note: Dodd-Frank is 2319 pages so many answers will be given full credit. The above are important highlights, but again, there is a breadth of correct answers for this question) 39. Who is the current Federal Reserve Chairperson? Ben Bernanke 40. Who is the current Treasurer AND Jo hns Hopkins University Graduate? All problems equally weighted Page 6 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes Tim Geithner Final Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III All problems equally weighted Page 7 of 7 How to cite Final Exam – Financial Institution, Papers

Psychological Impact Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism

Introduction People live in constant interaction with each other, they belong to the world society, therefore, all the processes which happen in the world impact people. It should be mentioned that the role of stereotyping, prejudice, and racism in the psychological development, distress, and behavior on a culturally diverse individual is great.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Impact: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of then main reasons why stereotyping, prejudice, and racism influence human behavior is the fact that they are the social processes which are inevitable while the formation of human beings. Even though it has been proven that all these processes may be controlled, they still influence human behavior and psychological development (Fiske, 1998). Considering stereotyping, prejudice, and racism as the part of a psychological development, dist ress, and behavior on a culturally diverse individual, the changes in human being are going to be discussed under the influence of these social issues. Stereotypes Stereotypes are formed the basis of the already existing model of behavior, therefore, the social relations is the main reason for stereotypes creation. Depending on the society people live at, their stereotyped behavior maybe either more or less developed. However, these stereotypes influence the behavior of people and their mode of thinking. Being influenced by one of the stereotypes, people grow up under the impact of that stereotype, therefore, they cannot think in another way. Imagining the situation when the society is free from any prejudices, the role of stereotyping would not be even discussed. Stereotype is the way people think, but the very ideas are given by the society. Even a person with culturally diverse vision of the life is subjected to stereotypes (Sherman, 1996). Considering the problem of stereotyping in detail, it should be mentioned that stereotypes influence human behavior through the way of their thinking, through the level of priorities and other attitudes. Human psychology is not studies up to the end, however, it is obvious that living in the society with the stereotype vision of the East as the country where women are oppressed, it is difficult to change this opinion even when a person goes to that country, the role of stereotype is too high. Western people do not know Eastern culture, however, they try to judge it on the basis of the world experience.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prejudice Stereotypes may be confused with prejudice, however, this is incorrect. The difference between stereotypes and prejudices is slight, however, it exist. Stereotype is the vision of a society of various issues, both positive and negative, while prejudice in the society reflec ts negative vision of some issues. Even though the problem of prejudiced attitude to some particular problems in the society has not been studies up to the end, it is obvious that all of the prejudices in the society were created as the reaction to or reflection on the specific circumstances which existed in the society. Projection, frustration, scapegoating, and displacement of hostility are the psychodynamic processes which take part in prejudiced attitude formation and therefore, influence human behavior (Duckitt, 1992). Of course, human behavior and the way of thinking changes under the influence of prejudiced opinion of the whole society. Having become a strong prejudice, some issues have become stereotypes. The events and circumstances have changed dramatically since the time of the prejudice appearance, however, people still continue to think in a prejudiced way. Racial discrimination is one of such examples. Racism Racial discrimination is both a prejudice and a stereotype o f a modern American society. The problem of racism should have already been eliminated, however, due to the stereotypes and prejudice, the problem of racial discrimination still exists. Racism as a problem appeared as the result of the social, cultural, psychological issues existed in the society. Under some specific circumstances many years ago race was an important identifier of a human position in the society. The situation has changed, people have become equal, however, we still speak about racism as a negative issue. This is the point for stereotyping. Of course, living in the modern world, we are unable to avoid the problem of race absolutely, nevertheless, the problem deserves attention due to its wry vision. Racism in its initial nature should mean the diversity of raced which exist in this world, but when we speak about racism in the USA we usually refer to Black people and their limited opportunities in relation to their White peers. African American ethnicity still remain s another one even though racial discrimination has officially been restricted (Bridges, 2010). African American students want to be like the white students that make those lower. It is the problem of the whole mankind, as prejudice and stereotypes leave racism a real problem. Human behavior cannot change in the relation to racism and discrimination until stereotypes of the past and prejudice exist in this world. Conclusion Therefore, it should be concluded that human behavior changes with the change of priorities. However, living in the world with the same stereotypes and prejudices, human behavior is not going to change. People are dependant on the society, all the processes which occur in the society influence their behavior.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Impact: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Fiske, S. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudic e and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, G. Lindzey (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 357-445).Oxford: Oxford University Press. Duckitt, J. H. (1992). Psychology and prejudice: A historical analysis and integrative framework. American Psychologist, 47(10), 1182-1193. Bridges, E. (2010). Racial identity development and psychological coping strategies of African American males at a predominantly white university. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 13(1), 14-26. Sherman, J. W. (1996). Development and mental representation of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1126-1141. This research paper on Psychological Impact: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism was written and submitted by user Charleigh Guthrie to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The African Berbers

The African Berbers The Berbers, or Berber, has a number of meanings, including a language, a culture, a location, and a group of people: most prominently it is the collective term used for dozens of tribes of pastoralists, indigenous people who herd sheep and goats and live in northwest Africa today.  Despite this simple description, Berber ancient history is truly complex. Who Are the Berbers? In general, modern scholars believe that the Berber people are descendants of the original colonizers of North Africa. The Berber way of life was established at least 10,000 years ago as Neolithic Caspians. Continuities in material culture suggest that the people living along the coasts of the Maghreb 10,000 years ago simply added domestic sheep and goats in when they became available, so the odds are theyve been living in northwest Africa for much longer. Modern Berber social structure is tribal, with male leaders over groups practicing sedentary agriculture. They are also fiercely successful traders  and were the first to open the commercial routes between Western Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, at locations such as Essouk-Tadmakka in Mali. The ancient history of the Berbers is by no means as tidy. Ancient History of Berbers The earliest historical references to people known as Berbers are from Greek and Roman sources. The unnamed first century AD sailor/adventurer who wrote the Periplus of the Erythrian Sea describes a region called Barbaria, located south of the city of Berekike on the Red Sea coast of east Africa. The first century AD Roman geographer Ptolemy (90-168 AD) also knew of the Barbarians, located on the Barbarian bay, which led to the city of Rhapta, their main city. Arabic sources for the Berber include the sixth-century poet Imru al-Qays who mentions horse-riding Barbars in one of his poems, and Adi bin Zayd (d. 587) who mentions the Berber in the same line with the eastern African state of Axum (al-Yasum). The 9th-century Arabic historian Ibn Abd al-Hakam (d. 871) mentions a Barbar market in al-Fustat. Berbers in Northwest Africa Today, of course, Berbers are associated with people indigenous to northwest Africa, not east Africa. One possible situation is that the northwestern Berbers were not the eastern Barbars at all, but instead were the people the Romans called Moors (Mauri or Maurus). Some historians call any group living in northwest Africa Berbers, to refer to the people who were conquered by Arabs, Byzantines, Vandals, Romans, and Phoenicians, in reverse chronological order. Rouighi (2011) has an interesting idea that the Arabs created the term Berber, borrowing it from the east African Barbars during the Arab Conquest, their expansion of the Islamic empire into North Africa and the Iberian peninsula. The imperialist Umayyad caliphate, says Rouighi, used the term Berber to group the people living nomadic pastoralist lifestyle in northwestern Africa, about the time they conscripted them into their colonizing army. The Arab Conquests Shortly after the establishment of the Islamic settlements at Mecca and Medina in the 7th century AD, the Muslims began expanding their empire. Damascus was captured from the Byzantine Empire in 635 and by, 651, Muslims controlled all of Persia. Alexandria in Egypt was captured in 641. The Arab conquest of North Africa began between 642-645  when general Amr ibn el-Aasi based in Egypt led his armies westward. The army quickly took Barqa, Tripoli, and Sabratha, establishing a military outpost for further successes in the Maghreb of coastal northwestern Africa. The first northwestern African capital was at al-Qayrawan. By the 8th century, the Arabs had kicked the Byzantines completely out of Ifriqiya (Tunisia) and more or less controlled the region. The Umayyad Arabs reached the shores of the Atlantic in the first decade of the 8th century and then captured Tangier. The Umayyads made Maghrib a single province including all of northwestern Africa. In 711, the Umayyad governor of Tangier, Musa Ibn Nusayr, crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Iberia with an army made up mostly of ethnic Berber people. Arabic raids pushed far into the northern regions and created the Arabic Al-Andalus (Andalusian Spain). The Great Berber Revolt By the 730s, the northwestern African army in Iberia challenged Umayyad rules, leading to the Great Berber Revolt of 740 AD against the governors of Cordoba. A Syrian general named Balj ib Bishr al-Qushayri ruled Andalusia in 742, and after the Umayyads fell to the Abbasid caliphate, the massive orientalization of the region began in 822 with the ascent of Abd ar-Rahman II to the role of Emir of Cordoba. Enclaves of Berber tribes from Northwest Africa in Iberia today include the Sanhaja tribe in the rural parts of the Algarve (southern Portugal), and the Masmuda tribe in the Tagus and Sado river estuaries with their capital at Santarem. If Rouighi is correct, then the history of the Arab Conquest includes the creation of a Berber ethnos from the allied but not previously related groups of northwestern Africa. Nonetheless, that cultural ethnicity is a reality today. Ksar: Berber Collective Residences House types used by modern Berbers include everything from movable tents to cliff and cave dwellings, but a truly distinctive form of building found in sub-Saharan Africa and attributed to Berbers is the ksar (plural ksour). Ksour are elegant, fortified villages made completely with mud brick. Ksour have high walls, orthogonal streets, a single gate and a profusion of towers. The communities are built next to oases, but to preserve as much tillable farmland as possible they soar upward. The surrounding walls are 6-15 meters (20-50 feet) high and buttressed along the length and at the corners by even taller towers of a distinctive tapering form. The narrow streets are canyon-like; the mosque, bathhouse, and a small public plaza are situated close to the single gate which often faces east. Inside the ksar there is very little ground-level space, but the structures still permit high densities in the high rise stories. They provide a defensible perimeter, and a cooler micro-climate produced by low surface to volume ratios. The individual roof terraces provide space, light, and a panoramic view of the neighborhood via a patchwork of raised platforms 9 m (30 ft) or more above the surrounding terrain. Sources Curtis WJR. 1983. Type and Variation: Berber Collective Dwellings of the Northwestern Sahara. Muqarnas 1:181-209.Detry C, Bicho N, Fernandes H, and Fernandes C. 2011. The Emirate of Cà ³rdoba (756–929 AD) and the introduction of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Iberia: the remains from Muge, Portugal. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(12):3518-3523.Frigi S, Cherni L, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, and Benammar-Elgaaied A. 2010. Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations. Human Biology 82(4):367-384.Goodchild RG. 1967. Byzantines, Berbers and Arabs in 7th-century Libya. Antiquity 41(162):115-124.Hilton-Simpson MW. 1927. Algerian Hill-forts of today. Antiquity 1(4):389-401.Keita SOY. 2010. Biocultural Emergence of the Amazigh (Berbers) in Africa: Comment on Frigi et al (2010). Human Biology 82(4):385-393.Nixon S, Murray M, and Fuller D. 2011. Plant use at an early Islamic merchant town in the West African Sahel: the archaeobotany of E ssouk-Tadmakka (Mali). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20(3):223-239. Rouighi R. 2011. The Berbers of the Arabs. Studia Islamica 106(1):49-76.

How to Make Glow-in-the-Dark Alum Crystals

How to Make Glow-in-the-Dark Alum Crystals Alum crystals are among the quickest, easiest, and most reliable crystals you can grow. Did you know you can make them glow in the dark by adding a common household ingredient to the crystal growing solution? Glow in the Dark Alum Crystal Materials Fluorescent highlighter pen (I used yellow, but you can use another color for different colored glowing crystals. Check to make certain the highlighter will glow under an ultraviolet or black light. Pretty much all yellow highlighters glow, as do most other colors. Many blue pens will not glow.)Alum (sold as a pickling spice)Water Grow Glowing Alum Crystals Carefully cut open the highlighter and remove the strip that contains the ink. You may want to wear gloves since highlighter can stain your fingers.Pour 1/2 cup of hot tap water into a clean container.Squeeze the highlighter strip into the water to color it with the fluorescent ink. Discard the ink strip when you are finished.Slowly stir in alum, a little at a time, until it stops dissolving.Loosely cover the jar with a coffee filter or paper towel (to keep dust out) and allow the jar to sit undisturbed overnight.The next day, you should see small alum crystals at the bottom of the container. If you dont see crystals, allow more time. You can let these crystals grow, though they will compete with each other for material. Alternatively, you can use one of these crystals to grow a large single crystal. Growing a Large Single Crystal If crystals are present, pour the alum solution into a clean jar. Collect the small crystals, which are called seed crystals.Tie nylon line around the largest, best-shaped crystal. Tie the other end to a flat object (e.g., popsicle stick, ruler, pencil, butter knife). You will hang the seed crystal by this flat object into the jar far enough so that it will be covered in liquid, but wont touch the bottom or sides of the jar. It may take a few tries to get the length just right.)When you have the right string length, hang the seed crystal in the jar with the alum solution. Cover it with the coffee filter and grow a crystal.Grow your crystal until you are satisfied with it. If you see crystals starting to grow on the sides or bottom of your jar, carefully remove your crystal, pour the liquid into the clean jar, and put the crystal in the new jar. Making the Crystal Glow When you are satisfied with your crystal, remove it from the crystal growing solution and allow it to dry. Just shine a black light (ultraviolet light) on the crystal to make it glow. Depending on the ink you used, the crystal may glow under fluorescent light or sunlight. You can display your crystal or store it. You can wipe dust from a display crystal using a cloth, but avoid dampening it with water or else you will dissolve part of your crystal. Crystals kept in storage may be wrapped in paper for added protection from dust and changed in temperature and humidity. True Glow in the Dark Crystals If you want the crystals to really glow in the dark (no black light), then you stir phosphorescent pigment into a solution of alum and water. Usually, the glow will remain on the exterior of the crystal rather than get incorporated into the crystal matrix. Alum crystals are clear, so another way to make the crystals glow is to mix phosphorescent pigment with clear nail polish and simply paint regular alum crystals. This also protects the crystals from damage by water or humidity, preserving them.

Three imediments to small businesses in America Research Paper

Three imediments to small businesses in America - Research Paper Example Small businesses in America face many difficulties, but three that are documented in current literature are financing, race, and having a solid business strategy. The literature researched shows three reasons small businesses in America can have difficulty. Part of the discussion around small business difficulty is the definition of what it means to have a small business success. There are several factors affecting survival of small businesses in the United States, but the most dominant are racism, ineffective strategic planning and poor management. In the United States the race factor plays an important role in most of the operations and functioning in the country. Small businesses require loans to boost their performance and increase income. This is because most if the small businesses have limited financial supply. However, racism has greatly affected availability of loans to most of entrepreneurs with small businesses. Most small business owners are African American and the race factor has hindered them access to loans and hence affected development of small businesses. On the other hand, whites are accessing loans. However, not most of the whites are engaged in small businesses. This has affected growth if the small business industry to the expense of large scales businesses (Weinzimmer and Manmadhan, 2009, p 171). For the survival of an organization, it has to posses an effective marketing department. The marketing department is charged with ensuring public awareness of the services and the products of the organization. The department works in conjunction with the public relation department hence inform the public while maintaining a good relation and image with the public. For proper and effective marketing, an organization has to strategically plan the marketing process. For instance, before a company commences it has to determine the kinds of services or products to offer to the public. For established companies, they use marketing as a tool of determi ning the changes they ought to make to their products or services so as to enhance sales. Generally, companies use marketing to determining appropriate strategies to use in sales, development and communication with an aim of increased sales and containing competition (Cavalluzzo, & Wolken, 2005, p 2158). Due to the limitation of resources, small businesses ought to strategically plan. Therefore, small businesses strategically plans the marketing process hence concentrate their limited resources to the greater opportunities available. When the process is effective, the company may realize sales increase and hence achieve competitive advantage in the market. The strategy may enable a company to fill the needs of the market and hence reach the objectives of the market. A good strategy has to effectively scan both the external and internal environments. This can be achieved via appropriate Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats (SWOT) analysis. After the analysis then a company may set a strategic plan for market, establish goals, identify alternatives in the market, determine market mix and implement them (Bergen, 2001, p 460). Strategic marketing plan An effective, efficient and adaptable marketing plan has several components. These components help in the implementation and achieving

Marketing cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing cases - Essay Example The main macro-economic factors that influenced the Target’s performance during that period were the economic and social conditions that existed among the consumers. Due to the economic recession in 2008, there was a high unemployment level and an increased inflation, which had a direct connection with the sales outcome of the company. Along with this, the purchasing power of the consumers began to deteriorate due to the decline in the income of the sizable households. With the company’s products being viewed as expensive ones, it further impacted Target’s revenues. However, Walmart showed a far better growth due to its cheaper prices strategy hindering the Target’s upscale products. The Target’s â€Å"pay less† strategy was a risky one as it has to sustain its high-quality. That is, even while coping up with the changing economic conditions and its consumers’ attitude, it needs to focus on quality. However, it has successfully managed to overcome through the recession crisis and have switched towards a hopeful direction with this new strategy. Despite the high unemployment and increased inflation, Target takes an optimistic view in improving its sales through its new launches such as mini-grocery stores and up-and-up. By focusing on its ‘pay less’ part, Target has certainly pursued a best strategy by retaining the quality of its products even while emphasizing on the discount part. Expanding the advertising campaigns before focusing towards lower prices should have been the alternate strategy for Target during their decline in sales and revenue. As the company was keen on offering one stop shopping with lowered prices and improving the store’s infrastructure, it did not have enough time to analyze the consumers’ tendency towards their products, thereby missed formulating effective advertising strategies. Once they found the

the civil war Essays -- essays research papers

Weapons in the American Civil War The American Civil War is known to be one of the bloodiest wars in history. Significant advances in weapon technology contributed to the unprecedented carnage. All types of weapons were being invented including side arms, shoulder arms, and artillery. Surveying the origins and design of only a portion demonstrates fire power had outstripped battlefield tactics by the mid-nineteenth century. Side arms, most useful only at close range, underwent important changes during the Civil War era. A particular standout was the La Mat revolver invented by Dr. Jean Alexander Francois Le Mat, a French born New Orleans doctor. The La Mat revolver was one of the most famous pistols of the civil war#. What makes this pistol so unique is that it has two barrels. The main cylinder held nine .40 caliber rounds fired though the upper barrel and revolved around the lower .63 caliber barrel that held a charge of buckshot#. As many as 3,000 of these pistols found 1. they’re way to Confederacy. Confederate Generals including P.G.T Beauregard and J.E.B. Stuart # carried La Mats. The Colt Army Model 1860 was a more advanced model of the 1848 dragoon used in Mexican War. It quickly became the most popular sidearm of the Union Army#. What made this revolver so popular was the interchangeability of parts. The Colt model 1860 was a .44 caliber six shot weapon and weighed almost three pounds#. The cost of the Colt Army model 1860 was $13.75, which was more expensive than those made by Remington or Starr and the Government ceased the order for the gun in 1863. Another revolver used in the war was the Starr revolver. It was a .44 caliber, six shot, weighed tree pounds and was a double action, which means has no build in or intergraded safety. It fired a combustible cartridge and could also be loaded with loose powder and ball. Union soldiers in the western theater used the Starr revolver. In 1863 the U.S. Ordinance Department urged the Starr Arms Company to replace the double action revolver with a cheaper single action model, which the company did and sold the Union 25,000 weapons for $12 each#. During the course of the Civil War side arms became an important weapon for 2. both sides and helped contribute to the death toll. Side arms were very popular for Calvary units. The reason was because of the close range fighting that Calvary units took plac... ...onfederate War Department. It was a breech loading rapid-fire gun and was cranked operated. The gun was a very light artillery piece that shot a one-pound 1.57 caliber projectile with a range of 2,000 yards and could shot up to 65 rounds per minute. It was used in the Battle of Seven Pines and worked effectively that the Confederate War Department ordered 42 of them#. Even though this gun was so effective it had two major problems. The gun overheated very quickly and breech jammed because of the heat expansion. 6. The Union created the .52 caliber breech loading Billinghurst-Requa batter. It used a light carriage to mount 25 rifled barrels side by side and when loaded and primed, the barrels fired in a sequence. Some of these guns were used in battle but saw very little action. These two weapons show that weapon technology was at a new height during this era. Many things changed in warfare during the American Civil War. All fields saw some kind of change Ruther it was small arms, shoulder arms, artillery, or some new weapon. Weapon technology like the La Mat revolver or the first machine- gun helped make the American Civil War one of the bloodiest wars in history. 7.

Carl Jung and the Theory of Archetypes Essay

CARL JUNG AND THE THEORY OF ARCHETYPES Background Carl Gustav Jung was born July 26, 1875, in the small Swiss village of Kessewil†¦ He was surrounded by a fairly well educated extended family, including quite a few clergymen and some eccentrics as well. [Jung’s father] started Carl on Latin when he was six years old, beginning a long interest in language and literature — especially ancient literature. Besides most modern western European languages, Jung could read several ancient ones, including Sanskrit, the language of the original Hindu holy books. Carl was a rather solitary adolescent, who didn’t care much for school, and especially couldn’t take competition. He went to boarding school in Basel, Switzerland, where he found himself the object of a lot of jealous harassment. He began to use sickness as an excuse, developing an embarrassing tendency to faint under pressure. Although his first career choice was archeology, he went on to study medicine†¦he settled on psychiatry as his career. †¦Carl Jung was to make the exploration of this â€Å"inner space† his life’s work. He went equipped with †¦ an apparently inexhaustible knowledge of mythology, religion, and philosophy. †¦He had, in addition, a capacity for very lucid dreaming and occasional visions. In the fall of 1913, he had a vision of a â€Å"monstrous flood† engulfing most of Europe and lapping at the mountains of his native Switzerland. He saw thousands of people drowning and civilization crumbling. Then, the waters turned into blood. This vision was followed, in the next few weeks, by dreams of eternal winters and rivers of blood. He was afraid that he was becoming psychotic. But on August 1 of that year, World War I began. Jung felt that there had been a connection, somehow, between himself as an individual and humanity in general that could not be explained away. From then until 1928, he was to go through a rather painful process of self-exploration that formed the basis of all of his later theorizing. He carefully recorded his dreams, fantasies, and visions, and drew, painted, and sculpted them as well. He found that his experiences tended to form themselves into persons, beginning with a wise old man and his companion, a little girl. The wise old man evolved, over a number of dreams, into a sort of spiritual guru. The little girl became â€Å"anima,† the feminine soul, who served as his main medium of communication with the deeper aspects of his unconscious. A leathery brown dwarf would show up guarding the entrance to the unconscious. He was â€Å"the shadow,† a primitive companion for Jung’s ego. Jung dreamt that he and the dwarf killed a beautiful blond youth†¦ For Jung, this represented a warning about the dangers of the worship of glory and heroism which would soon cause so much sorrow all over Europe†¦ Jung dreamt a great deal about the dead, the land of the dead, and the rising of the dead. These represented the unconscious†¦a new collective unconscious of humanity itself, an unconscious that could contain all the dead, not just our personal ghosts. Jung began to see the mentally ill as people who are haunted by these ghosts, in an age where no-one is supposed to even believe in them. If we could only recapture our mythologies, we would understand these ghosts, become comfortable with the dead, and heal our mental illnesses. Critics have suggested that Jung was, very simply, ill himself when all this happened. But Jung felt that, if you want to understand the jungle, you can’t be content just to sail back and forth near the shore. You’ve got to get into it, no matter how strange and frightening it might seem. †¦But then Jung adds the part of the psyche that makes his theory stand out from all others: the collective unconscious. You could call it your â€Å"psychic inheritance. † It is the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with. And yet we can never be directly conscious of it. It influences all of our experiences and behaviors, most especially the emotional ones, but we only know about it indirectly, by looking at those influences. There are some experiences that show the effects of the collective unconscious more clearly than others: The experiences of love at first sight, of deja vu (the feeling that you’ve been here before), and the immediate recognition of certain symbols and the meanings of certain myths, could all be understood as the sudden conjunction of our outer reality and the inner reality of the collective unconscious. Grander examples are the creative experiences shared by artists and musicians all over the world and in all times, or the spiritual experiences of mystics of all religions, or the parallels in dreams, fantasies, mythologies, fairy tales, and literature. A nice example that has been greatly discussed recently is the near-death experience. It seems that many people, of many different cultural backgrounds, find that they have very similar recollections when they are brought back from a close encounter with death. They speak of leaving their bodies, seeing their bodies and the  events surrounding them clearly, of being pulled through a long tunnel towards a bright light, of seeing deceased relatives or religious figures waiting for them, and of their disappointment at having to leave this happy scene to return to their bodies. Perhaps we are all â€Å"built† to experience death in this fashion. Archetypes The contents of the collective unconscious are called archetypes. Jung also called them dominants, imagos, mythological or primordial images, and a few other names, but archetypes seems to have won out over these. An archetype is an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way. The mother archetype The mother archetype is a particularly good example. All of our ancestors had mothers. We have evolved in an environment that included a mother or mother-substitute. We would never have survived without our connection with a nurturing-one during our times as helpless infants. It stands to reason that we are â€Å"built† in a way that reflects that evolutionary environment: We come into this world ready to want mother, to seek her, to recognize her, to deal with her. So the mother archetype is our built-in ability to recognize a certain relationship, that of â€Å"mothering. † Jung says that this is rather abstract, and we are likely to project the archetype out into the world and onto a particular person, usually our own mothers. Even when an archetype doesn’t have a particular real person available, we tend to personify the archetype, that is, turn it into a mythological â€Å"story-book† character. This character symbolizes the archetype. The mother archetype is symbolized by the primordial mother or â€Å"earth mother† of mythology, by Eve and Mary in western traditions, and by less personal symbols such as the church, the nation, a forest, or the ocean. According to Jung, someone whose own mother failed to satisfy the demands of the archetype may well be one that spends his or her life seeking comfort in the church, or in identification with â€Å"the motherland,† or in meditating upon the figure of Mary, or in a life at sea. The shadow Sex and the life instincts in general are, of course, represented somewhere in Jung’s system. They are a part of an archetype called the shadow. It derives from our prehuman, animal past, when our concerns were limited to survival and reproduction, and when we weren’t self-conscious. It  is the â€Å"dark side† of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is often stored there. Actually, the shadow is amoral — neither good nor bad, just like animals. An animal is capable of tender care for its young and vicious killing for food, but it doesn’t choose to do either. It just does what it does. It is â€Å"innocent. † But from our human perspective, the animal world looks rather brutal, inhuman, so the shadow becomes something of a garbage can for the parts of ourselves that we can’t quite admit to. Symbols of the shadow include the snake (as in the garden of Eden), the dragon, monsters, and demons. It often guards the entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is the collective unconscious. Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only be yourself you are wrestling with! The persona The persona represents your public image. The word is, obviously, related to the word person and personality, and comes from a Latin word for mask. So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world. Although it begins as an archetype, by the time we are finished realizing it, it is the part of us most distant from the collective unconscious. At its best, it is just the â€Å"good impression† we all wish to present as we fill the roles society requires of us. But, of course, it can also be the â€Å"false impression† we use to manipulate people’s opinions and behaviors. And, at its worst, it can be mistaken, even by ourselves, for our true nature: Sometimes we believe we really are what we pretend to be! Anima and animus †¦The anima is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men, and the animus is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women. Together, they are refered to as syzygy. The anima may be personified as a young girl, very spontaneous and intuitive, or as a witch, or as the earth mother. It is likely to be associated with deep emotionality and the force of life itself. The animus may be personified as a wise old man, a sorcerer, or often a number of males, and tends to be logical, often rationalistic, even argumentative†¦ Other archetypes Jung said that there is no fixed number of archetypes which we could simply list and memorize. They overlap and easily melt into each other as needed, and their logic is not the usual kind. But here are some he mentions: Besides mother, their are other family archetypes. Obviously, there is father, who is often symbolized by a guide or an authority figure. There is also the archetype family, which represents the idea of blood relationship and ties that run deeper than those based on conscious reasons. There is also the child, represented in mythology and art by children, infants most especially, as well as other small creatures. The Christ child celebrated at Christmas is a manifestation of the child archetype, and represents the future, becoming, rebirth, and salvation. Curiously, Christmas falls during the winter solstice, which in northern primitive cultures also represents the future and rebirth. People used to light bonfires and perform ceremonies to encourage the sun’s return to them. The child archetype often blends with other archetypes to form the child-god, or the child-hero. Many archetypes are story characters. The hero is one of the main ones†¦Basically, he represents the ego — we do tend to identify with the hero of the story — and is often engaged in fighting the shadow, in the form of dragons and other monsters. The hero is, however, often dumb as a post. He is, after all, ignorant of the ways of the collective unconscious. Luke Skywalker, in the Star Wars films, is the perfect example of a hero. The hero is often out to rescue the maiden. She represents purity, innocence, and, in all likelihood, naivete. In the beginning of the Star Wars story, Princess Leia is the maiden. But, as the story progresses, she becomes the anima, discovering the powers of the force — the collective unconscious — and becoming an equal partner with Luke, who turns out to be her brother. The hero is guided by the wise old man. He is a form of the animus, and reveals to the hero the nature of the collective unconscious. In Star Wars, he is played by Obi Wan Kenobi and, later, Yoda. Notice that they teach Luke about the force and, as Luke matures, they die and become a part of him. You might be curious as to the archetype represented by Darth Vader, the â€Å"dark father. † He is the shadow and the master of the dark side of the force. He also turns out to be Luke and Leia’s father. When he dies, he becomes one of the wise old men. There is also an animal archetype, representing humanity’s relationships with the animal world. The hero’s faithful horse would be an example. Snakes are often symbolic of the animal archetype, and are thought to be particularly wise. Animals, after all, are more in touch with their natures than we are. Perhaps loyal little robots and reliable old spaceships — the Falcon– are also symbols of animal. And there is the trickster, often represented by a clown or a magician. The trickster’s role is to hamper the hero’s progress and to generally make trouble. In Norse mythology, many of the gods’ adventures originate in some trick or another played on their majesties by the half-god Loki. There are other archetypes that are a little more difficult to talk about. One is the original man, represented in western religion by Adam. Another is the God archetype, representing our need to comprehend the universe, to give a meaning to all that happens, to see it all as having some purpose and direction. The hermaphrodite, both male and female, represents the union of opposites, an important idea in Jung’s theory. In some religious art, Jesus is presented as a rather feminine man. Likewise, in China, the character Kuan Yin began as a male saint (the bodhisattva Avalokiteshwara), but was portrayed in such a feminine manner that he is more often thought of as the female goddess of compassion! The most important archetype of all is the self. The self is the ultimate unity of the personality and is symbolized by the circle, the cross, and the mandala figures that Jung was fond of painting. A mandala is a drawing that is used in meditation because it tends to draw your focus back to the center, and it can be as simple as a geometric figure or as complicated as a stained glass window. The personifications that best represent self are Christ and Buddha, two people who many believe achieved perfection. But Jung felt that perfection of the personality is only truly achieved in death. The archetypes, at first glance, might seem to be Jung’s strangest idea. And yet they have proven to be very useful in the analysis of myths, fairy tales, literature in general, artistic symbolism, and religious exposition. They apparently capture some of the basic â€Å"units† of our selfexpression. Many people have suggested that there are only so many stories and characters in the world, and we just keep on rearranging the details. This suggests that the archetypes actually do refer to some deep structures of the human mind. After all, from the physiological perspective, we come into his world with a certain structure: We see in a certain way, hear in a certain way, â€Å"process information† in a certain way, behave in a certain way, because our neurons and glands and muscles are structured in a certain way. At least one cognitive psychologist has suggested looking for the structures that correspond to Jung’s archetypes! Adapted from Carl Jung. Copyright 1997, C. George Boeree http://www. ship. edu/~cgboeree/jung. htmlÃ'Ž

A Moment When Kindness Guided My Actions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 299 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Career Essay Type Admission Essay Level High school Tags: Motivation Essay Did you like this example? During my childhood, my family barely had enough to support our well-being. My parents struggled to give us our necessities. Most of the times I felt bad about our situation because I was not in a position to help my parents and my siblings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Moment When Kindness Guided My Actions" essay for you Create order However, despite the hardships, I did not give in life and on my dreams. I wanted to become a nurse. During my free times, I used to study and also coach my younger siblings with their studies. Fortunately, I managed to complete my education and graduated with distinction. When I found a job with one of the district hospitals in Los Angeles, I figured it was an opportunity for me give back the society. I wanted to help not only my siblings but also other children from economically disadvantaged families. When I received my first salary, I decided to make a partnership with a well-developed children feeding program in my neighborhood because this is the only way I thought I could reach out to many children as possible. I used the little amount that saved from my salary to help my parents and my younger siblings meet their daily needs. My very first instinct was to help other poor children overcome their state and grow to appreciate their lives. I also wanted to feel that the society has not abandoned them. Through this program, I have seen many children work hard to achieve their dreams because of the support I gave them together with my team members. Every time I look some of these children, I am happy because I know that I helped to shed into somebodys life. I am proud of my decision to help others overcome their poor situations. I have also received appreciation from many other for my acts of kindness.