Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis Essay

Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis - Essay Example The researchers examine and evaluate current literature and come to conclusion that the question of women compensation at work and safety issues is not examined yet. There is no substantial analysis of this system and its impact on organizational performance and women employees. The researchers claim that the current system of compensation is ineffective and does not benefit employees and employers. To verify their hypothesis, Calvey and Jansz use a phenomenological research approach. They explain that "the purpose of phenomenological reflection is to try to grasp the essential meaning of something Insight into the essence of a phenomenon involves a process of reflectively appropriating, of clarifying, and of making explicit the structure of meaning of the lived experience" (Van Manen, 1990: 77-78, cited Calvey, Jansz, 2005, p. 285). The hypothesis statement helps the researchers to identify the area of research and construct it in accordance with their hypothesis. Also, the hypothesis statement helps to avoid ambiguity during analysis of the results. In this article, the hypothesis statement is used to predict the conditions of compensation system and outcomes are most likely to occur.

A Study in Adaptation Essay Example for Free

A Study in Adaptation Essay Among the monographs found in the Culture and Ecology in East Africa Project is that of the work of Walter Goldschmit, entitled â€Å"The Sebei: A Study in Adaptiona. † It is among the ethnographic studies conducted to shed light on a particular community, which is that of Sebei. The project previously mentioned to which the monograph belongs is that of the University of California in Los Angeles which also carries the research design that was followed by the entire project (Mead 938). It has become important to evaluate this study because of the important role it plays in the field of ethnography and in the lives of the Sebei people. This paper will include the synopsis, a critique of the book, and the relationship with the materials and discussions found in the class. Synopsis of the Book The book primarily focuses on the people of Sebei, the socio-economic modes followed by the people there, and the adaptations which has happened throughout the existence of the community. People from Sebei speak Nilotic and have a connection with the Nandi and Kipsigis (MacGaffey 110). These people lives in the southeastern portion of Uganda and the elements of this community which has been discussed include the â€Å"history, environment, policy, social organization, animal husbandry, agriculture, a cash economy, sexual roles and marriage, child rearing, initiation, and the Sebei belief system† (Beidelman 542). The wide variety of the factors that have been covered in the study has been instrumental to the focus of the book, which is that of the ways of living of the people and how they have economically survived the environment they lived in. There are two environments which have been considered in the book to show the adaptive processes of the community under study. One is the area which is well-watered and is situated in the slopes of the mountains and the second is in the dry lands of the plains. With the conditions found in the said communities, there are also adaptive measures which have been taken by the people in terms of the production of their food and ways of living. One community concentrated on the hunting and gathering means of production because of the factors in the environment which makes this the most acceptable form of gathering food and sustaining the needs of the community. On the other hand, it is agriculture which has become the primary mode of economic production followed because of the availability of fertile soil that could be used for crops. Moreover, access to water is available that makes this a better option for the people. More so, it is seen to be the most effective in consideration of the available resources and conditions for the people. Economics-wise, this is the best methods for the respective communities discussed. Through time, it has been proven that Sebei people have the capability to adapt easily to changes in their environment and new situations which they are placed in (Mead 938). It has been shown in the book that the people have been able to be in contact with the Europeans when this group has been in a point where they are trying to adapt with the demands brought about by intra-African connections. The flexibility in adapting to such cultures has been carried out by the group by following the previous methods which have been used before by the group. It has been proven to be an effective pattern for the people since their first interaction with other cultures. Critique of the Book This particular book can be considered as one of the best monographs that have been written of an Ugandan community because of its succinctness and thoroughness. The ability of the author to present facts and data near what is real is considered to be a vital element of the author’s work. The author’s ability to record and research the past of the community has been helpful. The author, himself, has done quite an extensive job in proving the authenticity of his claims where there are primary evidences, such as photos, that has been shown together with the narratives provided. In writing a book, the ability of the author to provide evidences, especially in the field of ethnography, is considered to be vital in establishing the credibility and authenticity of the monograph. In a sense, this adds to the ability of the monograph to convince its readers that what is being said and shown in the account is true. Moreover, the book has shown one community but the picture that has been drawn and what has been learned over the discussions made of the particular community studied can be used in order to understand the African perspective. More so, the means of adoption that has been studied can be taken to a larger picture where it is also seen to exist in other areas and in different times. It has been found that the general perspective that can be used in order to interpret that of the Sebei culture is that â€Å"the maladies of the social system seem to outweigh their strengths† (Goldschmidt 338). With this particular statement, the author is then able to show that he has been able to observe the communities with a keen eye and relate it to the rest of the elements in the environment that surround the community. The author does not simply focus on what can be found within the community but also observes how it relates to the different links formed. More so, there is judgment that is found for these relationships from where a strong conclusion can be made. This monograph serves as a very good reading material for the members of the academic institutions and the epistemic communities from a wide variety of fields. Where field observations and thorough data collection has been done, there is the worthiness of examining the material and using it as a foundation of different researches. More so, an understanding of the different elements of the community can be easily derived through a reading of this material because of the substantial data that can be found here. This is not only for the purpose of studying communities but can also be taken by people from different fields such as psychology, economics, policy-making, sociology, and others in order to make researches and decisions. Relation to Class Materials and Discussions Understanding the book has been made easier because of the foundation laid by the class discussions and materials. The concepts that have been clarified in relation to culture, communities, and globalization has become an integral part of understanding how and why the Sebei communities had to adjust to the changing setting of the world and the communities which belong to it. It is difficult for a reader to understand the complex parts of the monograph if one would not take into consideration the aspects which relate the community to the changes in its surroundings. If the reader would not have the respective concepts and ideas, he/she might be limited to understanding the community in isolation and forget to relate it to the world outside the said community. There are factors which might be missed by the reader in understanding the community, in this case, and forget about the other forces that could change communities. Works Cited Goldschmidt, Walter. Culture and behavior of the Sebei: A study in Continuity and Adaptation. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California, 1976. MacGaffey, Wyatt. â€Å"Review. † ASA Review of Books 4 (1978): 110-111. Mead, Margaret. â€Å"Review. † American Anthropologists 79. 4 (1977): 938-939.

Using early warning scores in acute illness assessment

Using early warning scores in acute illness assessment This Assignment is in two parts. Part one will describe how I undertook a literature search on my chosen topic of using early warning scores in acute illness assessment. From this initial search and review of the literature I will select six articles and present them in an annotated bibliography. The purpose of this first part is to demonstrate my literature searching skills by identifying a suitable nursing topic and the key words I will use for my search. It will also demonstrate I can identify different types of literature sources like primary research studies, systematic reviews, narrative reviews, audits and general articles written about the topic I have chosen. . The second part of this assignment will identify a research based article from the six articles I have selected. Part one Topic: Using early warning scores to assist the nurse in identifying patient deterioration in acute illness Key words: cute care- Critical care- early warning score- vital signs Data bases searched: Cinhal; British Nursing Index Number of articles/ literature sources = 402 Six articles were chosen as follows: Article 1. Mohammed, MA (2009) Improving accuracy and efficiency of early warning scores in acute care. British Journal of Nursing. 18(1) 18-24 This article is a report on an experimental study to compare the effectiveness of hand held early warning computer system with the traditional pen and paper method Article 2. Johnstone C, Rattray J and Myers L (2007) Physiological risk factors, early warning systems. British Association of Critical Care Nursing. 12(5) 220-231 This article is a general article that provides background information on the topic of why early warning systems can improve patient care Article 3. Preston R M and Flynn D (2010) Observations in acute care; evidence based approach to patient safety. Britsh Journal of Nursing. 19(7) 442- 461 This is a narrative review of the literature on different issues affecting acute illness assessment and patient safety conducted by nurses in acute care. Article 4 Odell M (2009) Nurses Role in detecting deterioration in ward patients- a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 65(10) 1992-2005 This article reviews primary research studies that were conducted between 1992 and 2006. Article 5. Hughes LL (2009) Implementing a patient assessment framework in acute care Nursing Standard 24(3) 35-39 This article describes a service improvement initiative to improve patient assessment using an early warning score system over a4 month period at a Hospital in Birmingham Artcicle 6 Wheatley I (2006) The nurses practice of taking level 1 patient observations. Intensive Critical Care Nurse 22(2) 115-21 This was a survey conducted to discover the nurses practices of taking clinical observations in acute settings. It uses an observation data collecting tool (words 470) Part 2 Critique of one article Wheatley I (2006) The nurses practice of taking level 1 patient observations. Intensive Critical Care Nurse 22(2) 115-21 Introduction The aim of this critique is to identify the stages of the research process in the above article by Wheatley (2009). According to Preston (2010), being able to critically read research based literature is an important skill in reviewing literature sources that are presented in all academic assignments. This activity is an opportunity to examine the strengths and weakness of a research study in relation to the research process steps ( Priest et al, 2007). The critique will consider the nature of the survey approach to research and to compare this to how Wheatley (2006) designed his project. As this article reports on a survey research study using an observational method, it is important to examine the key features of this research design. Therefore the strengths and weaknesses of the research process featured in this article will be discussed. This will include an appraisal of the sample size; data collecting tool and process of collection, the research findings and their relevance to nursing practice. This article reports on a survey type study that utilises an observation data collecting tool. According to Pollit and Bek (2010) surveys are used widely in health care research and are effective for examining a wide number of problems. In this article by Wheatley (2006), the survey is used to discover what nurses actually do when they conduct clinical observations in a medical ward setting. The aim and research questions he identified in the article are clearly written and follow a positivistic, deductive paradigm that is appropriate in a quantitative research study of this type (Gerrish and Lacy, 2006). According to Lobiondo-Wood (2010) a positivistic paradigm considers that what can be seen can be measured. The findings are always presented in number formats. In this article Wheatley (2006) is using an observational tool to view the conduct of nurses undertaking clinical recording of vital signs. This tool would have been structured so that identified behaviours could be investiga ted. Although the data collecting tool was not presented in the article it is clear from the discussion that the tool set about to observe the accuracy of nurses recording blood pressure, temperature, respirations and pulse. The tool also identified which nurses undertook this activity and the time that they took to complete a set of observations for each patient. Priest et al (2006) identify that all researchers need to plan their research studies on a sound review of the literature underpinning the research problem. According to Pollit and Bek (2006) the literature review will provide background information on the problem and will identify what research has already been conducted. In this article Wheatley has presented a review of the literature and it is clear that he has based his study on similar studies conducted in the past. His reference list provides a selection of different literature sources and includes 46 sources that are clearly focused on recording vital signs and 2 on research methodology. This clearly indicates that Wheatley (2006) has structured his study on a sound review of the literature. The sample size in a survey research study has to follow the nature of the quantitative, positivistic approach (Pollit and Bek). This means that the sample size must be large enough to represent the general population it is representing. In this article, Wheatley (2006) has reported on observing 20 cases of nurses conducting observations. This is a very small sample size and statistically would not be considered a positive representation of a good research plan to have such a small for a survey project. However, Wheatley (2006) clearly identifies the limitations this posed to his study and explained that the small sample size was a convenience sample that was appropriate for his planned study. According to Polit and Bek, (2010) a convenience sample is acceptable as it represents the whole population. In this case, Wheatley (2006) has included all the nurses who work on one ward and found that in 18 out of 20 occasions he observed, it was the machine that dominated the recording of pa tients vital signs and that the time nurses spent with the patient was dependent on how long it took the machine to do its job. In 16 occasions, nurses did not record the respiratory rate even when 4 patients were showing signs of respiratory distress like dyspnoea or coughing. Therefore, although 20 in a sample is not considered viable for a survey type project, the use of a convenience sample (Pollit and Bek, 2006) in this case, provides the reader with a strong indication that there are problems in how nurses undertake clinical observations as part of their acute illness assessment. However, for this finding to affect a change in future nursing practice more research using larger sample frames would be useful. The data collecting tool and how data is collected in a study (Priest et al, 2007), is also another important step to appraise in a report on a research study. In this article, Wheatley (2006) has designed an observation tool using structured observations that included time taken to record vital signs; which nurse undertook the assessment (ie qualified or HCA); whether a machine or hand/touch methods were used to record pulse and respirations in particular; how vital signs were recorded on the observation charts. According to Polit and Bek (2006) a good research paper will show the reader how they structured their data collecting tools. In this article, it is clear to see what was observed by carefully examining the graphs and table charts Wheatley (2006) presented in his findings section. At the top or bottom of each chart he writes what behaviour/activity was recorded in his findings. For example, one chart on page 117 has the title which nurses performed the observations and you c an see that of 20 only 2 observations were carried out by a qualified nurse. The other 18 were conducted by the HCA. What Wheatley doesnt do however in his article is consider if being observed in this study changed the nurses behaviour. Polit and Bek (2010) note that in observation studies bias can occur through the Hawthorne effect. This is an effect noted to occur when people realising they are being watched change their behaviour during that process. However, there is no indication this happened here and one can assume therefore, that the behaviour Wheatley (2006) observed was what would normally be expected in patient observation activities. When appraising research papers, Ryan et al (2007) say an important step in this process is to review how well the researcher has presented his findings. In this article Wheatley (2006) has utilised descriptive statistics in a clear format that is easy for the reader to understand. He has used descriptive statistics to convey the findings in simple percentage and number format. For example, it is clear to see that most observations are carried out by HCAs (n =18 or 90%). When numbers are expressed like this it clearly indicates the power of that finding (Polit and Bek, 2010). Another important finding is that in 4 cases nurses failed to record the respiratory rate even when patients were struggling to breathe. Although this is a small percentage (ie n = 4 / 20%), it is worrying to note that any nurse would fail to record the respiratory rate when a patient is clearly showing signs of distress. From these findings, Wheatley (2006) concludes that qualified nurses must take responsibili ty for taking and reviewing how vital signs are recorded in acute care settings if patient safety is to be safeguarded at all times. Overall, the article by Wheatley (2006) is a good example of a research project using a survey method approach to study. Despite noting a small sample frame that could indicate a bias to how the findings can be appraised, it is felt the findings are generally credible and should be appropriate to both inform nursing practice and promote patient safety in acute illness assessment. The steps of the research process are clearly identified throughout the article that demonstrates the researcher has understood how a survey research study should be competently planned for and undertaken and reported on. (TOTAL 1870 WORDS)

The Story of Jesus Through Matthews Gospel Essay -- God Religion Jesu

The Story of Jesus Through Matthew's Gospel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who is this man Jesus? Where was he from? What did he do for others and us? A great source of reference to answer this question would be someone who had direct contact with him in everyday life. Someone who saw the daily wonders he created would be the best source for information. Matthew, the apostle, is believed to have written the gospel of Matthew. He was able to experience firsthand all of the amazing miracles that Jesus performed. God inspired his words, and his gospel relates to the other three gospels in overall context. They were written in different formats and styles, but the overall message and story remains constant throughout all four gospels. This creates a strong reliability that gives confidence in Matthew’s knowledge of Jesus. If the author of the gospel of Matthew was someone other than Matthew, the writings still tell an excellent story of the life of Jesus regardless of who wrote it. Therefore, the story of Jesus can be told through Mat thew and his gospel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matthew begins his gospel with a genealogy of Jesus that traces his existence back to Abraham. This direct line of heritage back to Abraham shows the fulfillment of God’s promise through Jesus. In Genesis 15:5, God promises Abraham descendants as numerous as the stars. These descendants, who make up the people of Israel, were promised a child to be named Emmanuel (â€Å"God with us†) in Isaiah 7:14. Matthew’s gospel tells how Jesus, the child of God who will be with us forever, fulfills the promise that was given by God many years before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matthew tells of the birth of Jesus to conclude the first chapter. Jesus surely is the Son of God because Mary conceived him even though she had no knowledge of man. In Matthew 1:20, God spoke to Joseph in a dream through an angel telling him of his intentions for Jesus and his family. Because Matthew tells of this story, he clarifies Jesus’ uniqueness from the beginning. Jesus is the Son of God who fulfills all of God’s promises, and he will change the world forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matthew further depicts Jesus as the Savior of the world when he tells of the wise men coming to visit him as a baby in Bethlehem. The wise men were surely blessed because they took notice of the once in a lifetime miracle that took place in Bethlehem. Matthew 2:6 says, â€Å"for from you shall come a ruler who is to S... ...ically stay with the people for long, so he knew that he must direct them as to what to do in order to keep the message of God alive in the world forever. To conclude the gospel, Matthew records Jesus as saying, â€Å"Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything that I have commanded you. And remember, I am with you always, to the end of the age.† Jesus gave them the confidence and ability to continue the work of God by blessing them in this way. They carried on his message of the greatness of God for as long as they lived, and also passed it on to the next generation to share with the future. These stories of the works of Jesus written by Matthew tell of a marvelous man, who was God present among everyone on earth. He spoke and acted with wisdom, and his ministry proved that God’s love surpasses everything. Whoever was unfamiliar with Jesus would have an excellent understanding of his life and purpose after reading the gospel of Matthew. The message of the kingdom of God will live on forever through the life of Jesus. Bibliography Bible - New James Version

Cause and Effect Technology Essay

Technology continues to make progress every single day in society. Schools, the workplace, and even homes have advanced so much over the past twenty years. As technology starts to take over every little part of people’s lives, some new advances may end up as the â€Å"next big thing† and others may slowly destroy the ways of human life. First, technology in schools, which have adapted so many new advances in even the last five years. A cause of increased use of technology in classrooms could be the pressure to do better with the resources they were given. This can lead to three consequences such as a cheating, easier access to information, and they could even use technology as a sort of tutor. Second, the workplace has adapted to all the new technologies maybe even faster than schools. Businesses search for a more productive way to run their operations. The increased usage of technology in the workplace has a very dangerous outcome which usually manifests in stress. Three causes of the stress in the workplace could be due to technology such as malfunctions, job insecurity, and certain medical issues when the employees use the technology all the time. Last, these new technologies even have tried to make life at home simpler for everyone. Things may seem like they are there to help you, but in the long run these new techniques may end up turning out poorly. Since the new technology has been brought about, there are more ways to find a recipe than just looking in a cookbook that was found in the kitchen cupboard. This may end up in obesity for in the long run and may not even see it coming. The effects of the increased usage of technology has caused the way people live their lives at school, at work, and at home to change drastically. As more schools tend to adapt to the â€Å"technology wave† there has been an increase of discussion about whether the advances of technology in the  classroom help the students learn better, or if it distracts them from actually doing the work themselves. These types of improvements increase the pressure of succeeding academically. One result of the growing amount of pressure on a student is that children are able to use technology as a tutor. Whether it is used as an educational social media to connect peers together outside of school, or even just simply being able to go to a search engine and gain the same knowledge that could be learned in the classroom. The internet is a great tutor if the resources are used properly. Another ramification of the flourishing amount of pressure put on a student because of the increased use of technology in classrooms is that information is far more accessible than before. Due to the mass amount of information available, everything is one click away. With the use of tablets, students are able to practically hold an entire encyclopedia set in their hands. The third effect of the increase of pressure among students is the fact that academic dishonesty is too easy. Since it is so easy to gather information from other sources besides your own head when you are stuck, this can lead to dangerous temptations of cheating in school. Workplace stress is a serious consequence that employees experience because of the increased use of technology in businesses. One reason stress is created at work, related to the escalating use of technology, is due to technological malfunctions. When technology does not work correctly, employees can lose important data, miss deadlines, and slow down production. This can not only have harmful effects, but become a waste of time. Another reason stress is created in the workplace is due to job insecurity. Technology is able to do jobs that more efficiently and at a cheaper cost than what a human would do. Since the increased use of technology, robots are now able to perform simple tasks with no mistakes like the assembly line, to more complex situations like medical procedures. Companies save thousands of dollars by making the transition to robots. This creates stress on employees seeing the possibility of jobs being replaced by a robot. The last cause of this stress is the risk of medical injuries. Technology may be able to reduce some medical risks that employees had with their job, but now there are medical conditions that are arising because of the technology that workers use. Since companies are starting to use more robots, they do not  know what is going on at all times besides they are programmed what to do. Any incident could happen at any second because the robots do not stop unless a human presses a button to make them stop. The increased use of technology at home has been a blessing. Senior citizens and other adults that were not once used to technology, now are using it more than ever. For example, with the increasing use of technology, cookbooks are almost at the point of extinction. Before, when families wanted to make a new recipe for dinner, they had to get all of their cookbooks out and try to make their own recipe. This has all became simpler due to the internet. Practically any recipe can be found on the internet today. Although many recipes are so accessible, finding the perfect one may be difficult, which leads to frustration. They may not have the exact ingredients needed to make the meal or may not want to take the time to create a dinner for the family. Therefore, the outcome of someone becoming frustrated with technology could result in fast food or take-out options. Since technology has become so advanced, food can be ordered online and delivered to the door. This would cause people to become much lazier. Technology then could become the staring point of obesity. Instead of families going out and getting the food, or going out to the store and getting the ingredients for the meal they just get on the computer and order their unhealthy choices, which could lead to obesity, due to the convinces of technology, and creates a lack of exercise. Overall, technology has become a great tool for everyone and has helped paved the way to success for many. Sometimes technology does not work the way it is supposed to and causes problems to arise. But luckily, technology is slowly becoming more useful and less of a hassle. Whether technology is used at school, work, or home it has changed the way people live their lives dramatically.

Free Essays on The Saint Against Racism

Katharine Drexel was the second child born of Francis Anthony and Hannah Jane Drexel, on November 26, 1858. A month after Katharine’s birth, Hanna passed away, and for the next two years, Katharine and her older sister were taken care of by their aunt and uncle. After the time of two years had gone by, Francis had remarried to Emma Bouvier, and the couple had a child. All three of Francis’ children were raised in a home full of faith and love. The girls grew up teaching at a Sunday school that Emma had opened for the children of employees of their estate as well as their neighbors. They also spent a few days a week giving service to the poor. When Katharine was twenty-one, Emma became ill with cancer, and for three years Katharine nursed her. It was in this time she began to realize God might be calling her to a religious life. When Emma died, Katharine wrote to her spiritual director, Reverend James O’Conner, who in turn advised her to, â€Å"Think, pray, and wait.† About three years later, Katharine’s father passed away, leaving his daughters as the beneficiaries of his estate and fortune. The Drexel sisters did not use the inheritance for themselves; instead, a greater portion of it was used to support their charity and missionary efforts. Throughout her lifetime, Katharine had done much traveling, and had seen the lives of Native Americans, and had become astutely aware of the injustice of their suffering. She visited many reservations, taking into account the needs of the people, supplying them with priests, food, clothing, and salaries for teachers. Katharine was particularly interested in making sure that all were provided with an education. She was also becoming more aware of how the Blacks in the South and East were suffering, and did not hesitate to give them the same charities she had offered the Native Americans. By now, Katharine’s call to the religious life was stronger than ever. She desired to b... Free Essays on The Saint Against Racism Free Essays on The Saint Against Racism Katharine Drexel was the second child born of Francis Anthony and Hannah Jane Drexel, on November 26, 1858. A month after Katharine’s birth, Hanna passed away, and for the next two years, Katharine and her older sister were taken care of by their aunt and uncle. After the time of two years had gone by, Francis had remarried to Emma Bouvier, and the couple had a child. All three of Francis’ children were raised in a home full of faith and love. The girls grew up teaching at a Sunday school that Emma had opened for the children of employees of their estate as well as their neighbors. They also spent a few days a week giving service to the poor. When Katharine was twenty-one, Emma became ill with cancer, and for three years Katharine nursed her. It was in this time she began to realize God might be calling her to a religious life. When Emma died, Katharine wrote to her spiritual director, Reverend James O’Conner, who in turn advised her to, â€Å"Think, pray, and wait.† About three years later, Katharine’s father passed away, leaving his daughters as the beneficiaries of his estate and fortune. The Drexel sisters did not use the inheritance for themselves; instead, a greater portion of it was used to support their charity and missionary efforts. Throughout her lifetime, Katharine had done much traveling, and had seen the lives of Native Americans, and had become astutely aware of the injustice of their suffering. She visited many reservations, taking into account the needs of the people, supplying them with priests, food, clothing, and salaries for teachers. Katharine was particularly interested in making sure that all were provided with an education. She was also becoming more aware of how the Blacks in the South and East were suffering, and did not hesitate to give them the same charities she had offered the Native Americans. By now, Katharine’s call to the religious life was stronger than ever. She desired to b...